A good book on this is Proto by Laura Spinney, it covers all the branches of Proto-Indo-European and also postulates that the entire family may have started from as few as a hundred speakers who were steppe nomads, which is mindboggling if true.
A book I enjoyed in a similar vain is "Wordslut", it's an exploration of the etymology of various English words (mostly pejoratives today) and the difference in language use between genders. It's more sociolinguistics than linguistics, but a good read.
+1 on Proto. It focuses on the tremendous amount of information revealed by DNA analysis, and it weaves this together with historical linguistics and archeology.
I really love etymology, because I like to imagine words having "lives", and then tracking those lives over the centuries. It's fascinating to think that a word might have begun in China thousands of years ago, migrated to India, then the Islamic World, then Europe, and are now everyday things in English.
I recently learned that most of the western zodiac constellations have names which are Mesopotamian in origin, the same as in the Sumerian star catalogs thousands of years ago. Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, Capricorn, Gemini, Cancer. Or in English: the Bull, the Lion, the Scorpion, and the Goat-Horned, the Twins, and the Crab.
To the Akkadians and Sumerians they were, literally translated: the Bull of Heaven, the Lion, the Scorpion, the Goat-Fish, the Twins, and the Crayfish.
There was some process of transmission there, maybe via Aramaic, now mostly lost to history. Until quite recently the extent of the Mesopotamian influence was not recognized, even though the ancient Greeks themselves grudgingly acknowledged the Persian (i.e. Babylonian) roots of their own learning; the same origin as 12 hours in their day and 360 degrees in their circles.
A few of the traditional Arabic names of the stars are also calques from Akkadian ("heart of the scorpion", among others). This also hints at a process of transmission, which is now elusive.
Meanwhile German independently had the word "hallo", which appears in writing since the 15th century, used to call for the ferry man or to call to your dogs on the hunt (meaning something like "fetch"). Then the telephone made "hello" popular in English, and suddenly the word "hallo" becomes popular as a greeting in German
We just picked the closest existing German word to take the same meaning as the English word. But at the same time, the etymologies of hallo and hello cross over at various times before the invention of the telephone (One etymology of Hello is that it derives from Halloo, a call to a ferry man)
There was a wealthy Italian who was building a villa in the US, and told the architect he wanted a "hollow statue" in it. The architect looked far and wide for a hollow statue, without success. Finally he came back to the client and told him that no one he talked to had heard of hollow statues. The client said, "Oh, it's one of those things that rings, and you pick it up and say "Halo, 'stat you kiddo?"
>Alo in Spanish, which is only used as a greeting over the phone and never as a general greeting
Eh, kind of. Imagine you're in a warehouse and you can't see anyone but you think someone may be in earshot. You could get their attention with aló. It's sort of an uncertain greeting, when you don't know who or if someone is on the other side.
many times, even etymology does not make things intuitive: e.g. 'spendthrift'.
similarly, many English words are close, but their meaning diverge a lot. e.g. condemn vs condone, or vindicate vs vindictive.
I don't think this is a good example of cognates diverging in meaning. They're both more or less kinds of avenging or counter-attacking. When you vindicate something you are responding to some attack made against it, and when something is vindictive it responds to attacks with attacks of its own.
Thrift was formerly a word for profits, now it makes sense. But I recognize the snowclone as a popular 16th century way to form personal verb-noun descriptors like cutpurse, upstart, sawbones, spoilsport, dreadnought. This is still productive because midwit is a recent addition. (Eh, I suppose mid isn't a verb, but I think it's the same pattern.)
(Spanish does this more than Portuguese, but also Wiktionary has been more thorough in categorizing the Spanish examples compared to the Portuguese examples.)
It's cool to be reminded that this pattern also has a history in English.
Another example I was thinking of, pasatiempo/passatempo, actually has an exact English equivalent, pastime.
https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691148182/th...
To the Akkadians and Sumerians they were, literally translated: the Bull of Heaven, the Lion, the Scorpion, the Goat-Fish, the Twins, and the Crayfish.
There was some process of transmission there, maybe via Aramaic, now mostly lost to history. Until quite recently the extent of the Mesopotamian influence was not recognized, even though the ancient Greeks themselves grudgingly acknowledged the Persian (i.e. Babylonian) roots of their own learning; the same origin as 12 hours in their day and 360 degrees in their circles.
A few of the traditional Arabic names of the stars are also calques from Akkadian ("heart of the scorpion", among others). This also hints at a process of transmission, which is now elusive.
weraz = “man” and aldiz = “age, lifetime”.
Literally meaning “era/age of man”
We just picked the closest existing German word to take the same meaning as the English word. But at the same time, the etymologies of hallo and hello cross over at various times before the invention of the telephone (One etymology of Hello is that it derives from Halloo, a call to a ferry man)
Etymologies can be really weird at times
Eh, kind of. Imagine you're in a warehouse and you can't see anyone but you think someone may be in earshot. You could get their attention with aló. It's sort of an uncertain greeting, when you don't know who or if someone is on the other side.
I don't think this is a good example of cognates diverging in meaning. They're both more or less kinds of avenging or counter-attacking. When you vindicate something you are responding to some attack made against it, and when something is vindictive it responds to attacks with attacks of its own.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Spanish_verb-object_...
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Portuguese_verb-noun...
(Spanish does this more than Portuguese, but also Wiktionary has been more thorough in categorizing the Spanish examples compared to the Portuguese examples.)
It's cool to be reminded that this pattern also has a history in English.
Another example I was thinking of, pasatiempo/passatempo, actually has an exact English equivalent, pastime.